A small pot was discovered at Chanhudaro which was probably an inkpot. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION SITES So far nearly 1000 sites of nearly, mature and late phases of the Indus Civilization are known in the sub-continent. were the most prominent cities of this civilization. Kalibangan. Representations of ships are found on seals found at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Indus Valley Civilization GK / General Studies Test with multiple choice questions (MCQs) for UPSC, Civil Services, SSC, Banking, UPPSC, RPSC, KPSC, KAS, … It was essentially urban civilization. (c) Kalibangan was located on the bank of river Ghaggar. The artworks of the Indus valley civilization embrace Sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta models, etc. Below it is an animal with a short thick tail which can be a fox according to S R Rao. Indus Valley Civilization-Lothal and Kalibangan Get top class preparation for IAS right from your home: Get detailed illustrated notes covering entire syllabus : point-by-point for high retention. It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India. Next Question > 3,000. The prehistoric and pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley Civilization was first identified by Luigi Tessitori at this site. The weights proceeded in a series, first doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of 16. Kalibangan's excavation report was published in its entirety in 2003 by the Archaeological Survey of India, 34 years after the completion of excavations. It is surrounded by verandas on four sides. Harappan city with three divisions namely-citadel, middle town and lower town was at Dholavira. The numerical and decimal system was evolved here which made remarkable contributions towards Vedic mathematics. The earliest evidence of surgery was found from Kalibangan. Each city was divided into the citadel area where the essential institutions of civic and religious life were located and the residential area where the urban population lived. The vast mounds at Harappa were first reported by Masson in 1826 and visited by Cunningham in 1853 and 1873. It has given the substantiation of both pre-Harappan culture in the lower layer and Harappan Civilization in the upper layer. So Indus valley civilization was initially called as Harappan civilization. The streets were all well planned and drains regularly drained out. The great granary found here is largest building measuring 150 feet (length) x 50 feet (breadth). 2. This is contrary to the currently held view that all alphabetic writing descended from Phoenician in the late second millennium BC. Jha claims to have deciphered about 3500 inscriptions on seals. In the beginning, it was called “The Indus Valley Civilization”, due to the discovery of more and more sited far away from the Indus valley this civilization was later named “Indus Civilization”. It was the first Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921. At Kalibangan the lanes and roads of the city were built in a definite proportion. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. In the Lothal port, there was a dockyard which was 216 mtrs in length and 37 mtrs in breadth. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised, perforated and knobbed. Plants, trees and pipal leaves are found on pottery. He sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. It might have served the purpose of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India. Terracotta seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precursors of the Harappan seals. Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Sarasvati River. Historians are of the view that the decline of the Indus Civilization was not the result of a single event; it was a slow decline and a result of combination of factors. Kalibangan. The approach followed by Kinnier-Wilson is to find analogies between Harappan and Sumerian signs.S R Rao has produced a different attempt to read the script as containing a pre-Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family. They also invented the device of a cart to harness the labour force of the animals to the production of man’s utility. ; It flourished in the Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE, pre-Harappan cultures starting c.7500 BCE) along the Indus River (hence called Indus Valley Civilization) and … The variants are formed by adding different accents, inflexions or other letters to the former. Knobbed pottery was ornamented on the outside with knobs. 2. The Harappan way of making baked pottery, bricks, beads, jewellery and textiles was adopted in the later civilization. It was not the Aryans who brought civilization to India which is rather untenable stand taken by Indo-Germanic scholars who seem to think that anything good in the world could have come from Aryan Race. The people lived a very comfortable life in well built houses and baths. Presence of residential and non-residential buildings. It was chiefly made and consists of both plain and painted ware and plain variety being more common. It was surrounded by a massive brick wall probably as flood protection. It was only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard. Kalibangan History in Hindi Kalibanga sabhyata in Hindi Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi. (2012), the slow southward migration of the monsoons across Asia initially allowed the Indus Valley villages to develop by taming the floods of the Indus and its tributaries. Evidence for the use of horse comes from a doubtful terracotta figurine of a horse. Harappans were inventors of linear system of measurement with a unit equal to one angula of the Arthasastra. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) It is located in the banks of the river Ravi; It was the first site to be excavated among all the Indus sites. Below the citadel in each city lay a town proper. Metalworkers, shell -ornament makers and bead maker’s shops have been discovered here also. But there is very little evidence on this opinion. Weights and measures which were very accurately graded point to a very high degree of exchange. Later, during 1961-69, excavation were carried out by … Semitic languages like Phoenician and Arabic use the syllabic system. In the field of religions many important features of Harappan religion were adopted in later Hinduism. It spreads over the region of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, U.P, Gujarat and some parts of South India. Another remarkable contribution of the Harappan people was the cultivation of cotton. Surkotada is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. The streets were very wide and the houses built of burnt bricks lined both sides of the street. 1. Clay figures of the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility have been found- these were worshipped by the people. But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. The most characteristic feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization. The artworks of Indus valley Civilization are extremely realistic in the portrayal of human and animal figures. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and is uniformly sturdy and well baked. Correct Option: C. Evidence of sea and river transport by ships and boats in several seals and terracotta models have been found apart from the dockyard at Lothal. The Indus civilization was originally called Harappan civilization after this site. But this theory is partly true. Kalibangan in Ganganagar, near river Ghaggar 6. Lanes were 1.8 mts wide and the roads were 3.6, 5.4 and 7.2 mts wide. Although the theory of ecological factors for the decline of the Harappan civilization is latest yet it does not give us complete answer. 27. Archaeologists made the discovery that the people of Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappa periods, had knowledge of medicine and surgery. Indus Valley Civilization (Notes+MCQ) PDF Download. In Egypt and Mesopotamia dried or baked bricks were used. The glazed Harappan pottery is the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world. The only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmedabad. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. 28. The merchant class contributed to the general prosperity and trade contacts seem to have been established with the Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilization of those times. The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization of the Indian subcontinent. Leg bone of elephant was found at Kalibangan. These are the nearest buildings to the river and thus could easily be supplied by river transport. There is also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building which must have served administrative purposes. The best specimen among the stone sculptures of Mohanjodaro is the steatite image of a bearded man wearing an ornamented robe. In the last phase of Mohenjodaro, men and women and children were massacred in the streets and houses. Some of the evidence of the devastation by floods has been found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal but there is no such evidence in respect of other sites like Kalibangan. 29. Sir John Marshall the eminent Indologist opines that the civilization revealed at these two places leads one to the inference that it is not an incipient one but had begun ages earlier with many millennia of human endeavour behind it. The Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and uniformly sturdy and well baked. Majority of these sculptures are made of soft stone like steatite, limestone or alabaster. Various causes have been suggested for this. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. Brooke further notes that the developmen… According to Giosan et al. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. The same high authority goes farther and declares that the civilization of India is even superior to that of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortar. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid pattern, drainage system and elaborates fortification. Chanhudaro lies on the left bank of the Indus about 130 km south of Mohenjodaro. The various occupations in which people were engaged spanned a wide range. Kalibangan, ancient site of the Indus valley civilization, in northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India.The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures.Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced pottery, it had no writing system, and its ruins lack the orderly layout and use of … Around 1750 BC Mohenjodaro and Harappa declined but the Harappan culture in the other cities faded out more gradually. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) was on the banks of the river Ghaggar which dried up centuries ago. Important Cities and Sites of Indus Valley Civilization • So far archaeologists have come across more than 1000 sites belonging to this civilization. The plain pottery is more common than the painted ware. Name the oldest Indian civilization. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Banawali, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chahundaro, etc. Sutkagendor in Baluchistan, near river Dashta 4. Ans. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. The history of India begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as Harappan Civilization. The town was extremely well planned. Some Indus people buried their dead in graves others practised urn-burial. The excavation work was carried by R.S Bisht and his team in 190-91. Harappan script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish, varieties of the human form etc. A well laid drainage system kept the cities clean. Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. The potters also worked in this part. Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. The numerous specimens of pottery, seals, bracelets etc reveal that arts and crafts florished. Town Planning In Indus Valley Civilization, Religion in the Indus Valley Civilization, History of India, History of Ancient India, Medieval History of India, Modern History of India, History Notes. It is a Shaivite place of offering worships with idols and rock-cut images of Lord Shiva and other Hindu deities. Proper Town planning in all Indus valley cites except few such as Kalibangan. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization in northern Rajasthan state. Kiriburu is situated in the state of Jharkhand. • Out of these, only 6 can be regarded as cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro,Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan and Banwali. Indus Valley Civilization is the one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world.Indus River Valley Civilization was discovered by the archaeologists in the 1920s. He also refers to the presence of few fish on the ground. There were 27 blocks of solid blocks of solid bricks in granary. Some historians suggest that the first urban civilization came to an end around 1700 BC because its numerous small settlements grew beyond their natural limits leading to the mismanagement of natural resources. The number of signs of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600 of which 40 or 60 are basic and the rest are their variants. (Q.19) In 2014, with the discovery of additional mounds, which of the following Became the largest Indus Valley Civilization site? It was divided into 3 parts. Absence of temples of special places of worship except few altars at some sites. The arts of the Indus valley civilization came throughout the last half of 3000 BCE. The Harappans worshipped Pashupati Shiva in his actual form as well as in the representative form as Linga, worship of mother goddess, worship of trees, animals; serpents were all adopted by Hinduism. Kalibangan flourished for at least 450-600 years. Polychrome pottery is rare and mainly comprised small vases decorated with geometric patterns mostly in red, black and green and less frequently in white and yellow. ‎When one thinks of the world’s first cities, Sumer, Memphis, and Babylon are some of the first to come to mind. Features of Indus Valley Civilization. Historians have different opinions regarding the causes of the decay and disappearance of the Harappan culture. Main types of seals are the square type with a carved animal and inscription and rectangular type with inscription only. Other good examples of the skill in casting and bronze working are the little models of bullock carts and ikkas from Harappa and Chanhudaro. The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. It was nearly rectangular with the longer axis running from north to south. Kalibangan pottery has close resemblance to the pottery of the Hakra ware in Cholistan, to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and to the pottery of the Integration Era. But it had the most efficient civic administration and effective town planning system. Various causes have been ascribed for its weakening and then decay: Increase in rainfall, earthquake, decrease in fertility of soil, floods, Aryan invasion, disease etc. Others attribute it to some kind of depression in the land which caused floods. Indus Valley civilization Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs) & Answers QUESTIONS Indus Valley civilization Multiple Choice Questions(MCQs)& Answers 1 Mohenjodaro is also called as : A mound of the Great B mount of the Survivors C mount of the Living D mount of the Dead Answer: mount of the Dead 2 Identify the site where the Great… It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid system, drainage system and the like. Join The Discussion A second figure of comparable size also comes from Mohenjodaro. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. A common script which remains undeciphered so far. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as galzed, polychrome, incised perforated and knobbed. A hunting scene showing two antelopes with the hunter is noticed on a pot shreds from the cemetery H.A jar found at Lothal depicts a scene in which two birds are seen perched on a tree each holding a fish in its beak. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization is A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil. The cities show evidence of an advanced sense of planning and organization. He also finds close connection between the Brahmi and the Indus script. Apart from Lothal in Gujarat, the three Harappan sites on the Makran coast – Sutkagendor, Sotkako and Khairia kot have been generally considered to have been posts in the maritime links with the Gulf and Mesopotamia. Harappa Civilization in Hindi. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. According to Rajaram the script is both pictorial and alphabetic; alphabets are favoured to the pictures in the later stages. Also, it has come to be called the “Harappan Civilization” after the … Geometrical patterns, circles, squares and triangles and figures of animals, birds, snakes or fish are frequent motifs found in Harappan pottery. Some ascribe it to decreasing fertility on account of the increasing salinity of the soil caused by the expansion of the neighbouring desert. Harappan seals and other small objects used by the merchants and traders for stamping their goods have been found in Mesopotamia. He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. The houses were of varying sizes which suggest class differences in Harappan society. It was surrounded by a stone rubble fortification with square bastions at the corners and in the longer sides. The Indus Valley city of Kalibangan was excavated in the 1960s. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) is located on the left bank of the Ravi. A few bronze sculptures have also been discovered at Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Chanhudaro and Daimabad. The plain ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip. It is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. Chennai, formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is India`s fourth largest city. Mohenjodaro is the largest of all the Indus cities and has a population estimated to between 41,000 and 35,000. They believed that there was life after death because the graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors which might have belonged to the dead persons and which it was thought he or she might need after death. The term “Indus Valley Civilization” was first used by John Marshall. This spot also has the importance of pilgrimage tourism. 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