This article reviews the recent literature on diversification as a livelihood strategy of rural households in developing countries, with particular reference to sub‐Saharan Africa. A livelihood is a means of making a living. Sustainable Livelihood framework can support project/program planning Livelihood strategies Helps to identify groups of poor people according to their main livelihood sources. Guaranteeing the safety and health of all agri-food … We follow the UN Food and Agricultural Organization’s (FAO) … An individual's livelihood involves the capacity to … A pragmatic approach to overcoming this problem is needed. productive activities, investment strategies, reproductive choices). livelihood strategies enables farm households to have better incomes, enhance food security, and increase agri-cultural production by smoothing capital constraints and help coping with environmental stresses [4, 11, 12] 3, Farm households that engage in highly productive non-farm activities typically enjoy upward mobility in earning [3, 13]stribution of income and wealth status play crucial role in … Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. A generalized linear model showed that livelihood strategies were significantly associated with food security outcomes. The range and diversity of livelihood strategies are enormous. It focuses on the resilience of the poor and builds on their initiatives. The ability to pursue different livelihood strategies is dependent on the basic material and social, tangible and intangible assets that people have in their possession. For example, changes in livestock migration … Since coping strategies are largely aimed at protecting livelihoods assets, they are not necessarily linked to maintaining or finding new food and income sources. Livelihood promotion (improving resilience of household livelihoods, diversification of livelihood strategies, improving access to markets). cultivation, … Workers from different unorganized … Livelihood assets that encompass human, physical, social, natural, and financial assets are considered as dependent variables, while household livelihood strategies are independent variables. In Figure 1, four different types of ‘capital’ are … The Livelihoods Unit will support national and local strategy development, with exceptional support to priority countries. However, rather than looking at using the ‘five capitals’ approach to assets, it distin-guishes between assets, capabilities and activities. Sayed Nurullah Azad RMMRU & Media-mix Enterprise Definition of Livelihood ‘A livelihood comprises people, their capabilities and their means of living, including food, income and assets. To prevent repeated displacement, we support engagement in social and economic opportunities that reinforce the adaptive capacity of systems, individuals, families and communities affected by displacement. Migrant agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable, because they face risks in their transport, working and living conditions and struggle to access support measures put in place by governments. The … OG lib-leit) refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing) of life". The determinants and effects … Livelihood strategies aim to achieve livelihood outcomes. The WFP Syria Livelihoods and Resilience Strategy aims to protect and restore livelihoods and food security for conflict affected Syrians through support to household livelihoods, rehabilitation of local economy and strengthening resilience to ongoing and future shocks. The need to look at livelihood strategies at the household level inevitably poses a problem about how to generalize the learning obtained from individual household livelihood profiles. The sub strategies are grouped as follows: Strategy 1: Pastoral livelihoods Strategy 2: Agro-pastoral livelihoods Strategy 3: Agricultural livelihoods Strategy 4: Fishery based livelihoods, Strategy 5: Vocational Skill and Small Enterprise Training (Urban, IDP and Youth) Strategy 6: Cash or food based interventions Strategy 7: Early Warning and Early Action Strategy 8: Other Shocks and … Thus, it attempts to identify asset bases, livelihood strategy and desired goals of the poor in order to create an enabling environment to support them (Kim, 2011). The livelihood strategy ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’ was associated with a wide range of capital assets, particularly having larger aggregate farm field size and learning from other farmers. We promote livelihood strategies that protect, recover and strengthen individuals' and households' abilities to earn a living. The projects work in sync with government development programmes and facilitate linkages to public services and schemes for the project beneficiaries. An individual may take on several activities to meet his/her needs. Livelihood analysis is based on the assumption that the current livelihoods reflect people’s rational choices. • The livelihood development programme is committed to achieving the key objectives of: o Strengthening community capacity to respond to issues of poverty and supporting the environment. Source: Adapted from Maxwell (1999a). Basic Livelihoods Training Module under ASRLM Page 7 goals (e.g. (One of the many problems of … Under the livelihood strategies, the rural HHs on training and livelihood issues for the poor in key industry segments (particularly construction and maintenance/ service industry). Livelihood strategies 5. Looks beyond the normally considered … Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Drawing on an economic metaphor, such livelihood resources may be seen as the ‘capital’ base from which different productive streams are derived from which livelihoods are constructed. The results show that enhancing … We will now consider each one of these components. To do … Further, when experiencing income losses, they may resort to negative coping strategies, such as distress sale of assets, predatory loans or child labour. It is not feasible to carry out detailed livelihood profiles on a large scale, as they are time consuming and require the use of qualitative, participatory methods. Decisions on livelihood strategies may invoke natural-resource-based activities, nonnatural resource-based and off-farm activities, migration and remittances, pensions and grants, intensification versus diversification, and short-term versus long-term outcomes, some of which may compete. By analogy to the concept of informal economies of de Soto (2000), such alternatives have been termed informal resource strategies (Tittonell et al., … Section 6 is largely … It encompasses people’s capabilities, assets, income and activities required to secure the necessities of life. mixed livelihood strategy is an approach for captu ring the diversified means of raising household (HH) income. Sustainable Livelihoods in Southern Africa was a three-year collaborative project carried out by research partners in Mozambique, South Africa, UK and Zimbabwe, funded by the UK Department for International Development. LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES Although livelihood diversification is an important strategy by which rural people may work to achieve sustainable livelihoods, it is one that generally operates in conjunction with other strategies which also contribute to the formation of sustainable livelihoods. Livelihood strategies can be divided into natural resource-based activities, e.g. This is one consideration driving the authors’ use of econometric analysis to go beyond the use of tables and descriptive statistics. Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span. To understand the complex and differentiated processes through which livelihoods are constructed, Scoones points out, it is insufficient just to analyse the different aspects; one must also analyse the institutional processes and organizational structures that link these various elements together. It is addressed to protection and … Alternative livelihood strategies built on strong rural–urban connectivity (e.g., Andersson, 2001) and farmers’ adaptive capacity to perceived environmental changes (e.g., Enfors et al., 2008) play also a major role in the resilience of these systems. (One of the many problems of development is that projects … Vulnerability context. The objectives of this study were to investigate the challenges (constraining environments) the groups in Tembisa were facing, using participatory assessment techniques such as problem and wealth ranking. But once … Livelihood as a concept for research and development thus includes what people do (given their resources and assets) and what they achieve … o Contributing towards setting strategic directions, policies, plans and expected outcomes of issues related to vulnerable and tsunami affected populations. A livelihood is the material means whereby one lives. The vulnerability context refers to the full range of factors that can impact on … For the results or outcomes of those ac­ tivities the term livelihood is used. A livelihoods approach to food security assessments considers the impact of coping strategies on people's ability to maintain their livelihoods, including the impact of a shock on assets. Decisions on livelihood strategies may invoke natural-resource based activities, non-natural resource based and off-farm activities, migration and remittances, pensions and grants, intensificationversus diversification,and short-term versus long-term outcomes, some of which may compete. The strategy and programme also stressed the interdependence between participative economic growth and social … Livelihood strategies are the range and combination of activities and choices that people normally make or undertake in stable and peaceful times in order to achieve their livelihood. Particularly, a high number of food crops in a strategy was linked with relatively … Tables 3 and 4 look interesting — but beware that for livelihood strategies with a very low frequency the small number of observations makes estimates of total income unreliable. Livelihood assets Helps identify the principal assets needed to support different livelihoods. 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